Cover Image

PHARMAKON: Urban Law and the Making of Johannesburg

“This book is truly a pharmakon, a potion historically prescribed and a healing adventurously re-imagined. Pharmakon, as the title indicates, shows how the same thing that can be healing, can also poisons us. makoni takes us through the colonial and postcolonial lawscape of urban South Africa and especially Johannesburg, making a case for how injustice was established through planning laws, and all along trying to find ways in which justice can be achieved. This especially pernicious form of spatial violence is shown to have persevered throughout colonial history, with concrete examples of racial capitalism, where state and private initiatives were implicated. makoni shows how the law has been a conspirator of colonial racialisation, and a precious yet precarious compass to help navigate the post-apartheid lands – the law as true pharmakon, with the trophy of spatial justice in the centre of legal concerns.”
Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos
Professor of Law & Theory / Artist / Fiction Author
University of Westminster, London

“Rich in theory, concepts and empirical examples, eric nyembezi makoni's book is a groundbreaking and timely intervention in the field of urban planning and city studies.”
Prof. Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni
Professor and Chair in Epistemologies of the Global South, University of Bayreuth, Germany

“Through the concept of the lawscape, this book provides an excellent, expansive history of how legal and planning instruments have together shaped South African cities to make spatial racial segregation possible during the colonial and Apartheid era but also to create more inclusive, democratic cities in the post-Apartheid period. PHARMAKON: Urban Law and the Making of Johannesburg is a lucid, critical and yet hopeful book; a must-read for anyone committed to contribute to decolonised cities that promote spatial justice and economic inclusivity.”
Dr. Wendy Willems
Department of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science

Authors:
Eric Nyembezi Makoni
University of Johannesburg
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1378-1953
Marius Pieterse
University of the Witwatersrand
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-8846

Product details

Chapters

  • Foreword
    Marius Pieterse
  • The Structure of this Book
  • Introduction
    Law as Pharmakon
  • Urban Law In/Theory
  • Mapping Spatial In/Difference
  • A Racial City Imagined
  • Re/Constituting the Urban
  • Coloniality Prevails
  • Inflection Point/Decoloniality

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Table of Cases

City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality v Blue Moonlight Properties 2012 (2) SA 104 (CC).

Dadoo v Krugersdorp Municipality 1920 AD.

Diepsloot Residents’ and Landowners’ Association v Administrator, Transvaal. Decision of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court 1994 (3) SA 336 (AD).

Government of the Republic of South Africa v Grootboom 2001(1) SA 46 (CC).

Hleka v Johannesburg City Council 1949 (1) SA 842 (A).

In re Dube, 1979. Natal Division of the Supreme Court 1979 (3) SA 820 (N).

Minister of Public Works v Kyalami Ridge Environmental Association 2001 (3) SA 1151 (CC).

Modder East Squatters v Modderklip Boerdery; President of the RSA v Modderklip Boerdery 2004 (8) BCLR 821 (SCA).

Occupiers of 51 Olivia Road, Berea Township v City of Johannesburg 2008 (3) SA 208 (CC).

Port Elizabeth Municipality v. Various Occupiers 2005 (1) SA 217 (CC).

President of the Republic of South Africa v. Modderklip Boerdery 2005 (5) SA 3 (CC).

Pretoria City Council v. Walker 1998 (2) SA 363 (CC)

S v. Govender, 1982. Decision of the Transvaal Supreme Court 1986 (3) SA 969 (T).

South African Informal Traders Forum v City of Johannesburg 2014 (4) SA 371 (CC).

Table of Statutes

Bantu Education Act 47 of 1953.

Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act 26 of 1970.

Black Administration Act 38 of 1927.

Black Communities Development Act 4 of 1984.

Cape Town Land Use Planning Ordinance 15 of 1985.

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 108 of 1996.

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993.

Conversion of Certain Rights into Leasehold or Ownership Act 81 of 1988.

Development Facilitation Act 67 of 1995.

Division of Revenue Act 3 of 2016.

Group Areas Act 36 of 1966.

Group Areas Act 41 of 1950.

Housing Act 107 of 1997.

Less Formal Townships Establishment Act 113 of 1991.

Local Government Transition Act 209 of 1993.

Mines and Works Act 12 of 1911.

Municipal Structures Act 117 of 1998.

Municipal Systems Act 32 of 2000.

Natal Town Planning Ordinance 27 of 1949.

National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act 103 of 1977.

Native (Urban Areas) Act 21 of 1923.

Native Administration Act 38 of 1927.

Native Labour Regulation Act 15 of 1911.

Natives Land Act 27 of 1913.

Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act 67 of 1952.

Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act 25 of 1945.

Natives Laws Amendment Act 46 of 1937.

Natives Laws Amendment Act 54 of 1952.

Natives Resettlement Act 19 of 1954.

Orange Free State Townships Ordinance 9 of 1969.

Population Registration Act 30 of 1950.

Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998.

Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act 52 of 1951.

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 55 of 1949.

Public Health Act 36 of 1919.

Public Housing Act 35 of 1920.

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 49 of 1953.

Slums Act of 1934.

Spatial Planning and Land-Use Management Act 16 of 2013.

Transvaal Town Planning and Townships Ordinance 15 of 1986.

Upgrading of Land Tenure Rights Act 112 of 1991.

White Paper on Reconstruction and Development No. 23 of 1994.

Other Sources

City of Johannesburg Corridors of Freedom: Restitching our City to Create a New Future (2013).

City of Johannesburg iGoli 2002 (2002).

City of Johannesburg iGoli 2010 (2010).

City of Johannesburg Informal Trading Policy for the City of Johannesburg (2009).

City of Johannesburg Inner City Regeneration Charter (2007).

City of Johannesburg Inner City Transformation Roadmap (2013).

City of Johannesburg Integrated Development Plan 2003/2004 (2003).

City of Johannesburg Integrated Development Plan 2016/2021) (2016).

City of Johannesburg Joburg Growth and Development Strategy 2040 (2011).

City of Johannesburg Reflecting on a Solid Foundation: Building Developmental Local Government 2000–2005 (2006).

City of Johannesburg Security Access Restriction Policy (2014).

Department of National Treasury City of Johannesburg Built Environment Performance Plan 2016/17 (2016).

National Department of Human Settlements Comprehensive Housing Plan for the Development of Integrated Sustainable Human Settlements (2004).

National Department of Human Settlements National Housing Code (2009).

Policy Coordination & Advisory Services (PCAS) Harmonising and Aligning: The National Spatial Development Perspective, Provincial Growth and Development Strategies and Municipal Integrated Development Plans (2004).

Presidency National Development Plan: Vision 2030 Our Future - Make it Work (2014).

Presidency Twenty Year Review: South Africa 1994-2014 - Background Paper: Sustainable Human Settlements (2015).

South African Cities Network (SACN) The Space Economy: An Important Consideration in Spatial Development Planning (2013).

South African Cities Network (SACN) The Spatial Transformation of South Africa’s Cities: From Abstract Concept to Meaning and Means (2016).

South African Human Rights Commission Report on the Issue of Road Closures, Security Booms and Related Matters (2005).

Map and Photograph Credits

Map 1, Stickler, Philip J. ‘The location of Black residents in formerly whites-only neighbourhoods of Johannesburg, 1996’. The Geography of Desegregation in Johannesburg. Available: https://www.gcro.ac.za/outputs/map-of-the-month/detail/geography-desegregation-johannesburg/

Image 1, Photographer unknown. Forced removals in Sophiatown. Credits: William Cullen Library: Historical Papers Research Archive.

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