Proud to be Deaf: Saintliness in the Catholic Deaf community in South Africa from 1874-1994

Primary sources

Oral sources

Fr Cyril Axelrod CSsR, interview conducted by Mark James, 20 September 2015, Dunnottar, Nigel.

Jennifer Gillespie, interview conducted by Mark James, 12 November 2015, Heathfield, Cape Town.

Carmen Kuscus, interview conducted by Mark James, 13 November 2015, Heathfield, Cape Town.

Suzanne Lombard, interview conducted by Mark James, 13 November 2015, Heathfield, Cape Town.

Faith Cronwright, interview conducted by Mark James, 16 November 2015, Heathfield, Cape Town.

Sr Liguori Töns OP, interview conducted by Mark James, 16 December 2015, Hyde Park, Johannesburg.

Sr Macrina Donoghue OP, interview conducted by Mark James, 12 July 2016, Springfield, Cape Town.

Sr Siobhan Murphy OP, interview conducted by Mark James, 12 July 2016, Springfield, Cape Town.

Sr Jacinta Teixeira OP, interview conducted by Mark James, 13 July 2016, Springfield, Cape Town.

Francois de Villiers, interview conducted by Mark James, 4 August 2016, Edenvale.

Manuscript sources

Archbishop Denis Hurley Archives: St Joseph’s Theological Institute (BIO 11C)

Box 109: Archbishop Hurley Papers: KwaThintwa School for the Deaf 1982–1984

Files: KwaThintwa School 1984

Correspondence from January 1982–October 1985

Box 110: Archbishop Hurley Papers: KwaThintwa School for the Deaf

Files: Correspondence 1980–1981

Correspondence 1975–1979

Box 111: Archbishop Hurley Papers: KwaThintwa School for the Deaf

Files: KwaThintwa School

Correspondence

Box 112: Archbishop Hurley Papers: KwaThintwa School for the Deaf 1985–1988

Files: Correspondence

DEH KwaThintwa

Box 113: Archbishop Hurley Papers: General correspondence KwaThintwa Staffing

Files: KwaThintwa/Inchanga HS

Mandla Cele

KwaThintwa: Staff matters

Box 114: Archbishop Hurley Papers: Minutes KwaThintwa School

Box: Bantu Education Act 1954

File: Interview with SACBC delegation with Dr Verwoerd 2 Sept 1954.

Archive of the Archdiocese of Cape Town, Cape Town (ACT)

Box 299: Deaf community

Files: Educational facilities for Deaf children

Dominican School for Deaf

Principal’s reports

SANCD Biennial reports

Archive of the Catholic Diocese of Manzini, Eswatini (ACDM)

De Vittorio, Luigi M. Missione Africa (Rome: Marianum, 2004).

‘Elenco dei missionari arrivati in Swaziland a destinatie a questa missione, del principio 1913 al primi di dicembre 1945’,

File: OSM 1939–1948.

Fr Barneschi OSM, ‘The Catholic Church 54 years in Swaziland,’ 4.

File: Paper of historical interest.

Archive of the Diocese of Port Elizabeth, Port Elizabeth (APE)

Box: St Thomas School for the Deaf, Woodlands

Box: King Dominicans

Box: Bishop Green: Correspondence to priests 1943–1960

Cabra Dominican Sisters Archive, Cape Town (CDSA)

Grimley School for the Deaf

Box I: Education: Deaf education – Grimley

Files: Grimley School correspondence

Applications and appointments of teachers (1907–1912)

Biennenial reports, 1943–1963.

Biennenial reports, 1969–1971

Brochure for celebration of centenary, 1973

Miscellaneous: Hout Bay property, 1966–1973

Dominican Grimley School, inspectors’ reports, 1893–1901 and 1973.

Box II: 1993–2011

Dominican School for the Deaf, Hammanskraal

Box: Ministry

Files: Board of management reports, 1962–1970

Annual reports, 1965–1970.

Hammanskraal

Box: Ministry correspondence

File: H writings

Dominican School for the Deaf, Wittebome

Box: Deaf education – Wittebome, miscellaneous papers

Files: Story of Dominican Schools for the Deaf, Cape Town: Grimley and general

Wittebome and general

Box: Deaf School Wittebome, 2003–2010

File: Photos and newspaper cuttings

Box: St Dominic’s Convent, Wittebome

Files: Convent history and some events, 1937–1875

School for the Deaf, 1937–1982

Catholic History Bureau, Johannesburg (CHB)

Box: Dominicans 182 OP Convent Schools

Files: St Vincent School for the Deaf

Various School magazines

Box: The Irish Dominican Sisters and their missions

Files: Irish Dominican Sisters, Cape Town

Saint Vincent School for the Deaf

DeafSA Archive, Johannesburg:

The Silent Messenger: 1937–1947

–1995

Historical Papers Research Archive, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (HPRA):

Box AB1363 C51.1–51.17 CPSA Archbishops, Records – C, Clergy A-B

File: AB1363/C51.13 CPSA Archbishops of Cape Town

Clergy: Blaxall, A.W.

Box: Federation of South African Women 1954–1963,

Collection number: AD 1137

King William’s Town Dominican Sisters Archive, Johannesburg (KDSA)

Sacred Heart School, King William’s Town

Box 1, Book 18: Annals 1897–1903; 1905–1906

St Vincent School for the Deaf, Johannesburg

Necrology: Box 19, File 349 Sr Gisella Greissl OP

Box 20, File 376 Sr Cyrilla Hötzl OP

Box 26, File 606 Sr Verena Huber OP

Box 37, File 886 Sr Thomasia Knoepfle OP

Box 57, File 1153 Sr Bernadette Oelofse OP

Box 52a Johannesburg General Council – Lourdes Convent

File: 506 Minutes: 1974–1979

Box 150 Johannesburg St Vincent Convent and School for the Deaf

Files: 1087 Annals 1934–1971

Annals 1971–1995

General notes 1984–1987

Historical sketch Annals 1953–58

Visitations 1936–1991

Council meetings 1940–1963

Box 151 Johannesburg St Vincent Convent and School for the Deaf

Files: 1093 Community meetings 1950–1959

Community meetings 1964–1971

Minutes of community meetings 1972–1980

Council meetings 1980–1992

Council meetings 1974–1984

School brochure: St Vincent for Deaf

Community meetings 1988–1995

Correspondence: Property

Box 152 Johannesburg St Vincent Convent and School for the Deaf

File: 1104 Brochures, programmes, magazines 1934–2009

Box 153 Johannesburg St Vincent Convent and School for the Deaf

Files: 1105 School documents

Newspaper cuttings 1933–2004

Documents related to move of Deaf school to Johannesburg

Box Edu 27 Johannesburg St Vincent School for the Deaf, Melrose

File: Quarterly magazines 1956–1971/School information magazines

Box Edu 28 Johannesburg St Vincent School for the Deaf, Melrose

File: Quarterly magazines 1964–1972

Box Edu 29 Johannesburg St Vincent School for the Deaf, Melrose

File: School magazines 1981–2001

St Thomas School for the Deaf, Woodlands

Box 124: King Williams Town Woodlands Maria Hilf Convent Mission

School for the Deaf: White School: Xhosa School: Farm

Files: 374: Annual Reports, School Reports 1925–1986

: Correspondence 1906–1995

Box 126: King Williams Town Woodlands Maria Hilf Convent Mission

School for the Deaf: White School: Xhosa School: Farm

File: 376: History of Property

Redemptorist Archive, Cape Town (RA)

Cyril Axelrod box: Papers (materials collected by Sr Mannes OP)

Files: Newspaper cuttings

Magazines file

Correspondence file I

Correspondence file 2

Fr Cyril Axelrod: Life, work, spirituality of the Deaf

Gallaudet College file

Newspaper articles

The Southern Cross

Fr William Leeson, ‘Pioneer Work for the Deaf: Nuns First in the Cape to Care for Mutes,’ 25 March 1931, 12/260.

‘New School for the Deaf,’ 31 January 1934, 1/65 and 16/80.

‘Cathedral Mission for the Deaf: Sermons in Sign Language,’ 28 March 1934, 2/194.

‘Official Visit by Minister: Mr JH Hofmeyr at Deaf School,’ 15 August 1934, 3/515.

‘Concert by Deaf Pupils: Fine Work by the Dominicans,’ 5 December 1934, 17/801.

‘International Board for Africa?’ The Southern Cross, 24 February 1937, 11/147.

‘Mission for the Deaf: Fr T Gill’s Splendid Work,’ 24 March 1937, 2/214.

‘Fine New Block of Buildings at Wittebome, Dominican Sisters’ Splendid Work for the Deaf,’ 21 July 1937, 2/540.

‘Death of Colonel Rowland’, 23 April 1947, 1/159.

Mary Singleton, ‘Monsignor Kolbe,’ 7 January 1948, 6/6.

‘Deaf Children Succeed,’ 25 February 1948, 2/72.

‘Visit to Two Catholic Homes,’ 15 September 1948, 6/377.

‘The Deaf Entertain,’ 26 October 1949, 2/410.

‘Helen Keller Visits Dominican School for Deaf,’ 21 March 1951, 1/133 and 12/144.

‘Forthcoming Exhibition at Dominican School for Deaf,’ 11 April 1951, 2/170.

‘Dominican Work for the Deaf,’ 25 April 1951, 12/194.

‘South African Boys Town,’ 1 August 1951, 10/368.

‘First Catholic School for African deaf in Transvaal,’ 13 June 1952, 1/277 and 11/287.

‘New School for African Deaf,’ 17 October 1952, 1/493 and 11/503.

‘Concern Or Schools for Deaf,’ 10 June 1953, 2/268.

‘Only Deaf-Mute priest,’ 2 September 1953, 11/421.

‘Another SA-born Bishop: Fr Ernest Green Succeeds Bishop Boyle,’ 4 May 1955, 1/205 and 11/215.

‘Mayor’s Tribute to Sisters: “Unselfish Devotion to Deaf children,”’ 16 May 1956, 12/239.

‘Two Good Things Clash,’ 12 September 1956, 12/444.

‘Work for Deaf Children,’ 29 May 1957, 12/268.

‘Permit to Open School for Deaf African Children Still Awaited,’ 12 February 1958, 1/73.

‘At School for the Deaf: “Only Love and Devotion Could Produce Such Wonderful Results,”’ 4 June 1958, 12/276.

‘Cape Town Nuns Plan to Start New Training for the Deaf,’ 29 October 1958, 12/528.

‘St Vincent 25 Years Work for Deaf Children,’ 1 April 1959, 2/146 and 11/155.

‘Nuns Are Up-to-Date in Training the Deaf to Earn a Living,’ 24 June 1959, 12/300.

‘Deaf School Extension Provided by Pupil’s Parents,’ 30 September 1959, 12/472.

‘Sister M. Cyrilla, Deaf School Pioneer,’ 21 October 1959, 12/508.

Denis Hurley, ‘School Integration,’ 22 June 1960, 5/295.

‘Daughter-Foundation of CT Dominican School for Deaf,’ 24 January 1962, 12/48.

‘New School for Bantu Deaf,’ 14 March 1962, 12/132.

‘Jubilarian Taught Deaf for 44 years,’ 19 September 1962, 9/453.

‘New School for African Deaf is Joint Church-State Effort,’ 17 October 1962, 1/493 and 11/503.

‘These Deaf Children Do Not Even Know They Have Names,’ 31 October 1962, 11/527.

Monsignor Desmond Hatton, ‘The Deaf to Hear…,’ 21 November 1962, 5/557.

‘Its Origin and its Aim,’ 22 May 1963, 1/241.

‘Dominican School for Deaf Commemorates Centenary,’ 22 May 1963, 1/241 and 2/242.

‘Teaching the Deaf: Public Address by Nun from Ireland,’ 28 July 1965, 12/360.

‘Chaplain Speaks on Work for Deaf at C.W.L. meeting,’ 29 December 1965, 4/616.

‘Bishop Green’s Life in Brief,’ 2 March 1966, 2/98.

‘St Vincent School Cracks Isolation of the Deaf Child,’ 27 April 1966, 4/196.

‘Africa’s Delegate to US Education of Deaf Congress,’ 2 August 1967, 3.

‘Spiritual Courses for Deaf People,’ 5 February 1969, 2.

Desmond Hatton, ‘Deaf Deacon was Nearly a Rabbi,’ 1 October 1969, 6.

Desmond Hatton, ‘Man of Serenity,’ 31 December 1969, 5.

‘Interpreting Mass for Deaf,’ 21 January 1970, 3.

‘Deaf Priest One of Only Three in World,’ 2 December 1970, 5.

‘More Priests Urged for the Deaf,’ 15 September 1971, 5.

‘Taught the Deaf for 37 Years,’ 22 December 1971, 3.

Sheila Eakins, ‘Deaf Jewish Priest Celebrates in Signs,’ 26 May 1974, 4.

Photo: Crucifix by Ruben Xulu, 13 November 1977, 1.

‘Deaf Artist Takes First Prize,’ 13 November 1977, 12.

Cyril Axelrod, ‘The Church Has a Mission to the Handicapped,’ 1 October 1978, 11.

‘SA Deaf Honour Bishop Today,’ 29 June 1980, 8.

Cyril Axelrod, ‘A Time to do More for the Handicapped,’ 10 May 1981, 10.

‘Centre for Adult Deaf,’ 19 September 1982, 1.

‘Deaf Wood Artist Dies Violently,’ 12 January 1986, 1.

‘Sermon for Deaf on TV,’ 7 June 1987, 1.

‘25 Years of Help for the Deaf,’ 13 September 1987, 5.

‘R19,7 Million Growth for Soweto Deaf School,’ 27 March 1988, 3.

‘Hundreds at Funeral of Bishop Green,’ 10 April 1988, 7.

‘Deaf Sign Language on TV Tonight,’ 17 April 1988, 1.

‘Sign Language Easter for Cape Deaf,’ 24 April 1988, 12.

‘SA Priest off to Work in Asia,’ 14 August 1988, 12.

Sheila White, ‘School Gives Ears to Deaf Children,’ 9 June 1991, 7.

‘Deacon to the Deaf Ordained,’ 6 October 1991, 3.

Nick Bruce, ‘Deaf Cape Student Graduates in US,’ 2 August 1992, 2.

‘School for Handicapped Reopens,’ 25 October 1992, 9.

Photo: Ruben Xulu, 13 June 1993, 1.

The Silent Messenger

‘The Coyne Voice Pitch Indicator,’ December 1937, 6.

Arthur W. Blaxall, ‘Historical Review,’ April 1952, 2.

Thomasia Knoepfle, ‘Education for the Deaf,’ April 1952, 3.

H.S. Jooste, ‘The Rehabilitation of the Deaf,’ December 1955, 4–7.

‘A Well-Deserved Honour,’ July 1956, 4.

E.S. Greenway, ‘Language the Basic Key,’ 27, 10, June 1958, 17.

‘Electric Baby-Alarm,’ 29, 1, December 1962, 6–7.

P. de V. Pienaar, ‘Modern Development in the Field of Audiology,’ 29, 1, March 1963, 13–20.

W. van der Sandt, ‘Audiology in South Africa,’ 31, 4, December 1967, 7–10.

Norman Nieder-Heitmann, ‘Guest Editorial: The New Study at Cape Town,’ 32, 5, March 1968, 2–4.

R. Corfmat, ‘Signs... Signing and Signers,’ 33, 2, June 1969, 16–17.

‘Problems in Deafness,’ 33, 3, September 1969, 8–9.

‘Letter to the Editor from Beryl Jones,’ 33, 3, September 1969, 20.

‘Editorial: Our Emblem,’ 33, 4, December 1969, 3.

McCay Vernon, ‘Myths of the Education,’ March 1971, 16–17.

‘Robert Michael Thomas Simmons: Winner 1971 Wenner,’ December 1971, 22.

Robert Simmons, ‘Deaf Education,’ March 1972, 24.

Father Cyril Axelrod, ‘The Spiritual Welfare and Care for the Deaf,’ January 1975, 4–7.

Cyril Axelrod, ‘Fr Cyril’s Trip,’ 42, 11, June/July 1975, 7–9.

Frederick Schreiber, ‘Total Communication – As the Adults See it,’ 43, 11, September 1975, 14–16.

K. van der Merwe, ‘Comment: On the Right Track of Oralism,’ December 1975, 12–13.

Charles Chittenden, ‘The Paget Gorman Sign System,’ June/July 1976, 5.

‘Television for the Deaf?’ March 1977, 6.

Norman Nieder-Heitmann, ‘Extracts from the Report of the One-Man Committee on the South African Sign Language at the 23rd Biennial Conference of the SA Council for the Deaf,’ 46, 1, March 1977, 14.

‘Die Geestelike Versorging van die Dowes,’ 46, 3, September 1977, 8–9.

‘Televisie Byna Toeganglik vir Dowes,’ 46, 3, September 1977, 9.

Beryl Jones, ‘Fifth World Conference on Deafness Copenhagen. August 1977,’ 46, 4, December 1977, 6–8, 10.

Father C. Axelrod, ‘Spiritual Welfare of the Deaf,’ 47, 5, March 1978, 4–5.

‘A Priest for the Deaf,’ 47,6, June 1978, 9.

R.G. Brill, ‘Total Communication,’ 47,3, September 1978, 10.

‘Opmerking,’ November/December 1978, 6.

Denton, D.M. ‘The Philosophy of Total Communication,’ 48, 3, September 1979, 15–16, 18.

‘Denton Speaks in South Africa,’ March 1980, 6–7.

Frances Parsons, ‘Total Communication,’ 50, 3, September 1981, 8–9.

Alan Jones, ‘Report on Sign language Courses,’ 50, 3, September 1981, 11.

‘Meet Some of Our Deaf: FOYSA Award for Alan Jones,’ 50, 4, December 1981, 8.

Alan Jones, ‘International Conference on Sign Language,’ 50, 4, December 1981, 14.

‘Meet Some Our Deaf: Father Cyril Axelrod,’ May/June 1982, 7–8.

Robert Simmons, ‘Deafness and Total Communication (1),’ Nov/Dec 1982, 7, 11.

Robert Simmons, ‘Deafness and Total Communication (2),’ March/April 1983, 5–7.

P. Mosifane, ‘Lucas Magongwa, the Road to Success,’ 58, 11, Nov/Dec 1989, 3.

Henna Opperman, ‘Literacy Training for Deaf Adults,’ 59, 3, March 1990, 1.

John Perks, ‘Deaf Students Give Signing Lessons,’ 59, 6, June 1990, 3.

‘Fifty-Six Years of Service to the Deaf,’ 59, 7, July 1990, 2.

‘Training and Employment of Deaf Persons as Teachers,’ 60, 8, August 1991, 1–2.

Robert Simmons, ‘What can the Deaf People do in the New South Africa?’ 60, 8, August 1991, 5.

‘Deaf to Play Increasing Role in Council Affairs,’ 60, 9, September 1991, 1, 4.

Laurie Davids, ‘200 Deaf on March for Rights,’ Sunday Times, 8 September 1991. Reproduced in 60, 10, October 1991, 7.

‘Bruno Druchen Acts in America,’ 61, 6, June 1992, 1.

‘News From Natal,’ 61, 7, July 1992, 3.

‘Sign Language Expert Teaches in South Africa,’ 61, 7, July 1992, 3.

‘Sign Language Course at St Vincents,’ 9/93, September 1993, 8.

‘SA Nasionale Raad vir Dowes: Nuwe Komitees,’ 10/93, October 1993, 2.

‘Looking Towards the Future,’ 10/93, October 1993, 6.

Wilna Opperman, ‘Bilingualism – a New Trend in Deaf Education,’ 1/94, January 1994, 1–2.

‘News from Affiliates,’ 2/94, February 1994, 5.

‘TV-Program vir Dowes nou ‘n Werklikheid,’ 2/94, February 1994, 8.

Jeffrey Steele, ‘Project for Deaf Students at Wits,’ 5/94, May 1994, 4.

‘How did Sign Get Onto our Screens?’ 6/94, June 1994, 4.

‘Deaf Woman Attains Master’s Degree in the USA,’ 7/94, July 1994, 6.

‘Bruno off to America Again,’ 7/94, July 1994, 6.

‘SANCD Policy on Affirmative Action,’ March 1995, 5.

‘DeafSA to Attend Congress in Vienna,’ July 1995, 2.

‘The SANCD’s New Name,’ July 1995, 5.

‘Biennial Council Meeting/Tweejaarlikse Raadsvergadering,’ Nov/Dec 1995, 1–4.

‘Deaf Achievers/Dowe Presteerders: Lucas Magongwa,’ Nov/Dec 1995, 5.

Saint Vincent Quarterly

‘Editorial,’ 1, 5, March 1954, 1–2.

The Interested Teacher, ‘A Talk to Parents,’ 2, 1, March 1955, 3–9.

Thomasia Knoepfle, ‘St Vincent School, Johannesburg: Report for 1955/56,’ 2, 1, March 1956, 1–5.

Sr Hermina, ‘Home Responsibilities in the Education of Deaf Children,’ 3, 4, October–December 1957, 10–14.

Sr M. Thomasia, ‘Report 1960/61,’ 6, 1, March 1961, 1–4.

H. Reichenberg, ‘Hearing Aids and How They Function,’ 6, 1, March 1961, 10–19.

Sr Hermina, ‘Speech for the Deaf – A Method in the Making,’ 9, 2, 1964, 3–15.

‘Schools of Thought at Variance,’ 9, 3, 1964, 1–4.

Sr Thomasia, ‘The Sound Perception Method,’ 9, 4, 1964, 3–12.

‘Deaf Children’s Problems,’ 9, 4, 1964, 15–16.

L.J. Paolo, ‘The Role of the Parent of the Deaf Child,’ 10, 1, 1965, 3–8.

‘Social Maturity,’ 10, 1, 1965, 8–9.

Sr Thomasia, ‘Speechreading,’ 11, 2, 1966, 3–5.

Thomasia Knoepfle, ‘Visit to the United States,’ 3, 3, 1967, 2–14.

Alan Mansfield, ‘Some Views From the “Other Side”,’ 5, 5, 1970, 9–11.

Thomasia Knoepfle, ‘Communication Problems of the Deaf Child,’ 5, 6, 1970, 13.

St Vincent School Magazine

‘An Address Given by Dr Robert Simmons (Past Pupil of the School) at the Annual Prize Giving, December 1981,’ June 1982, 44–49.

Sr Marita, ‘Principal’s Message,’ June 1982, 1–5.

‘Deaf Children Thrilled by Play Staged in Sign Language,’ December 1992, 9.

E.J. Brown, ‘The Headmaster’s Report,’ 1995, 1–2.

Sandy de Araujo, ‘Signed English or Sign Language in School,’ 1995, 95.

‘History/Development of St Vincent School,’ 1999, 5–6.

The Star, Johannesburg

T.A. Chittenden, ‘To the Editor of The Star,’ 26 October 1933.

‘School for Deaf and Dumb, Sectarian Issue Raised, Strong Criticism of Committee,’ 24 October 1933.

‘Teaching the Deaf to Hear,’ 23 August 1946.

‘Deaf Children March to Sound of Music: But They Cannot Hear It,’ 27 October 1960, 11.

The Man on the Reef, ‘Silent Workshop,’ 30 August 1962, 6.

Robin Hood, ‘At St. Vincent’s Her Spirit Found Liberation,’ 15 July 1964, 33.

‘Surprise for Sister Thomasia,’ 25 March 1969.

‘“Sister Chips” Says Goodbye,’ 3 November 1971, 27.

‘Hi-fi Helps the Deaf,’ 17 December 1971.

‘Learning Favours the Bilingual Approach,’ 23 September 1997, 26.

Other newspapers and magazines

‘Parents to Protest: Deaf and Dumb School Transferred to R.C. Sisterhood,’ Rand Daily Mail, 17 October 1933.

‘Deaf and Dumb School, a Lively Meeting, Transfer to R.C. Sisterhood,’ Rand Daily Mail, 24 October 1933, 12.

‘Radio Teaches the Deaf: Afflicted Children Listen-in, Learn to Speak,’ Sunday Express, 18 July 1937.

C. Alan Cook, ‘Breaking the Other Sound Barrier,’ Outspan, 25 November 1955, 42–45, 106.

‘Obituary: Sr Gisella Greissl,’ The Silver Star, 1957, 130.

‘The Personal Triumph of One Man!’ The Irish Independent, 29 July 1971.

‘Give Deaf Responsibility Says Priest,’ The Daily News, Monday, 28 September 1981.

‘Inspiring Sportsman Passes Away,’ The Springs and Brakpan Advertiser, 25 May 2001.

Newspaper articles online

‘Benedict XVI Names Deaf Priest “Prelate of Honor”,’ Catholic News Agency, 27 March 2008. Accessed 20 September 2018, www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/benedict_xvi_names_deaf_priest_prelate_of_honor

‘Education Dept Preparing for SA’s First Sign Language Exams,’ The Citizen, 23 June 2018. Accessed 9 August 2018, www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1961863/education-dept-preparing-for-sas-first-sign-language-exams

‘SA Sign Language Added to Curriculum,’ Cape Argus, 1 December 2014. Accessed 9 August 2018, www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/sa-sign-language-added-to-curriculum-1788756.

‘SASL Soon to Become 12th Official Language,’ Cape Argus, 28 July 2017. Accessed 7 August 2018, www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/sasl-soon-to-become-the-12th-official-language-10522103

‘SONA 2020: Read President Cyril Ramaphosa’s Full Speech,’ 13 February 2020. Accessed 22 March 2020, www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sona2020-read-president-cyril-ramaphosas-full-speech-42675302

Email correspondence

Doreen Hayhurst, DeafSA, personal email to Mark James, 20 September 2014.

Cyril Axelrod, personal email to Mark James, 13 March 2015.

Cyril Axelrod, personal email to Mark James, 15 March 2015.

Cyril Axelrod, personal email to Mark James, 16 March 2015.

Lindsay Moeletsi Dunn, personal email to Mark James, 21 April 2018.

Lindsay Moeletsi Dunn, personal email to Mark James, 27 April 2018.

Private collections

Deaf Community of Cape Town Annual Report, 1993 – Faith Cronwright.

‘My Years at St Vincents’ – Nigel Pickford.

Secondary sources

Published books and journal articles

Aarons, Debra and Philemon Akach. ‘South African Sign Language: One Language or Many? A Sociolinguistic Question.’ Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics 31 (1998), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5774/31-0-55

Abraham, Garth. ‘The Catholic Church and Apartheid, 1948–1957.’ Unpublished MA thesis, University of Natal, Durban, 1984.

––––– The Catholic Church and Apartheid: The Response of the Catholic Church in South Africa to the First Decade of National Party Rule 1948–1957. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1989.

Ahern, Kevin. Structures of Grace: Catholic Organizations Serving the Global Common Good. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2015.

Akach, Philemon. ‘Application of South African Sign Language (SASL) in a Bilingual-Bicultural Approach in Education of the Deaf.’ Unpublished doctoral diss., University of the Free State, South Africa, 2010.

Aronowicz, Annette. ‘Translator’s Introduction,’ in Emmanuel Levinas, Nine Talmudic Readings. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990.

Axelrod, Cyril. And the Journey Begins. Coleford, Gloucestershire: Douglas McLean, 2005.

––––– In Silent Darkness. Merrivale: Redemptorist Pastoral Publication, 2020.

––––– Still on That Journey. Merrivale: Redemptorist Pastoral Publication, 2021.

––––– Light on the Journey. Merrivale: Redemptorist Pastoral Publication, 2024.

Bate, Stuart C. ‘One Mission, Two Churches,’ in The Catholic Church in Contemporary Southern Africa, edited by Joy Brain and Philippe Denis. Pietermaritzburg: Cluster Publications, 1999, 5–36.

––––– ‘The Church Under Apartheid,’ in The Catholic Church in Contemporary Southern Africa, edited by Joy Brain and Philippe Denis. Pietermaritzburg: Cluster Publications, 1999, 151–186.

Bauman, H-Dirksen, ed. Open Your Eyes: Deaf Studies Talking. Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.

Bauman H-Dirksen and Joseph Murray, eds. Deaf Gain: Raising the Stakes for Human Diversity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.

Bauman, Zygmunt. Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.

Becker, Howard S. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: The Free Press, 1963.

Bernstein, Richard J. ‘Evil and the Temptation of Theodicy,’ in The Cambridge Companion to Levinas, edited by Simon Critchley and Robert Bernasconi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521662060.012

Bialystok, Lauren. ‘Being Your Self: Identity, Metaphysics, and the Search for Authenticity.’ Unpublished doctoral diss., University of Toronto, Canada, 2009.

Biko, Steve. I Write What I Like. Johannesburg: Picador Africa, 2004.

Blaxall, Arthur W. Handicapped: Being Three Short Essays on 1) the Deaf; 2) the Blind; 3) the Doubly-Handicapped. Pretoria: The Carnegie Corporation Visitors’ Grants Committee, 1934.

Boner, Kathleen. ‘The Irish Dominicans and Education in the Western Cape (1863–1892).’ Unpublished MA thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria, 1976, 150–183.

––––– ‘Dr FC Kolbe: Priest Patriot and Educationalist.’ Unpublished doctoral diss., University of South Africa, Pretoria, 1980.

––––– Dominican Women: A Time to Speak. Pietermaritzburg: Cluster Publications, 2000.

Bonney, Nathan David. ‘A Figure of Rhetoric: Holiness, Hyperbole and Embodied Subjectivity in the Later Writings of Emmanuel Levinas.’ Unpublished doctoral diss., University of Toronto, Canada, 2020.

Bosch, David. Transforming Mission. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1991.

Boynton, Eric and Martin Kavka, eds. Saintly Influence: Edith Wyschogrod and the Possibilities of Philosophy of Religion. New York: Fordham University Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5422/fso/9780823230877.001.0001

Brain, Joy. The Catholic Church in the Transvaal. Johannesburg: Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 1991.

––––– ‘Charitable Works and Services,’ in The Catholic Church in Contemporary Southern Africa, edited by Joy Brain and Philippe Denis. Pietermaritzburg: Cluster Publications, 1999, 97–123.

Branson, Jan and Don Miller. Damned for their Difference: The Cultural Construction of Deaf People as Disabled. Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press, 2002.

Broesterhuizen, Marcel. ‘Faith in Deaf culture.’ Theological Studies 66, 2, (June 2005), 304–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/004056390506600204

––––– ‘Pastoral Ministry with the Deaf: From Care For the Hearing Impaired to Deaf Ministry,’ in The Gospel Preached by the Deaf: Proceedings of a conference on Deaf Liberation Theology, Faculty of Theology at the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium), May 19, 2003, edited by Marcus Broesterhuizen. Leuven: Peeters, 2007, 1–11.

Brown, Julian. The Road to Soweto: Resistance and the Uprising of 16 June 1976. Johannesburg: Jacana Media, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781782047605

Brown, William Eric. The Catholic Church in South Africa: From its Origins to the Present Day. London: Burns and Oates, 1960.

Bruce, Scott G. ‘The Origins of Cistercian Sign Language.’ Cîteaux: Commetarii cistercienses, 52 (2001), 193–209.

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