1985: The Langa Massacre and the Ending of White Rule in South Africa
As more authoritarian populist regimes emerge across the developed and developing world, many oppositional democratic movements are debating how best to resist these increasingly violent and racist regimes. Many democratic activists are searching for lessons learnt from similar historical contexts. South Africa in the 1980s is a perfect case in point. Dominated by a militarised authoritarian racist regime, the democratic movements of the time that represented the aspirations of the black majority needed to find ways to organise mass resistance, but also to negotiate democratic alternatives at the local and national levels. The end result was a democratic transition that resulted in the negotiated dismantling of the authoritarian apartheid state without a prolonged civil war. Whereas the mass shootings at Sharpeville in 1960 resulted in the balance of forces shifting decisively in favour of the regime as leaders were jailed and resistance movements banned, 1985 was the year that the tide turned in favour of the mass democratic movement. Four years later, Nelson Mandela was released from prison and four years after that the first non-racial democratic elections took place. The decisive event that marked the turning point was the massacre, on Sharpeville Day, of 31 peaceful protestors on the dusty streets of Langa township in the Eastern Cape town of Uitenhage. This book tells the story of this massacre, including the events that led up to the massacre and then what followed in Uitenhage and nationally. Taken together, it was these events that decisively tipped the balance of forces in favour of the mass democratic movement. They were largely driven by mass actions from below from within South Africa’s communities, schools and workplaces. As splits in the white power bloc opened up, so international solidarity via sanctions weakened the regime thus paving the way for an internally negotiated democratic transition. Through the lens of the story of Uitenhage’s local struggles, a story is told with many lessons for democratic movements fighting similar battles around the world.
Professor Mark Swilling holds the South African Research Chair in Urban Innovations at the Centre for Sustainability Transitions, Stellenbosch University. He is also a Commissioner on the National Planning Commission in the Office of the President, Republic of South Africa, and a member of the Board of the National Transmission Company of South Africa. Professor Swilling has published widely on urban social movements, governance, urban theory, urbanization in Africa, energy transitions in the global South, sustainability, state capture and more recently on financing transitions. His most recent book was The Age of Sustainability: Just Transitions in a Complex World (Routledge).
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Chapters
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IntroductionWhy this Story Needs to be Told
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Chapter 1The Story of a Bicycle: 21 March 1985
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Chapter 2Weeks of Rage and the Necklace Murders
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Chapter 3Rise and Fall of an Industrial Entrepot: Port Elizabeth – Uitenhage, 1804-1985
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Chapter 4Urbanisation, Local Politics and the Re-Making of Langa
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Chapter 5Popular Organisation in the Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage Region, with Special Reference to Uitenhage
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Chapter 6Lead-Up to a Massacre: State, Community and the Politics of Township Conflict, November 1984-March 1985
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Chapter 7“Because your Yard is too Big”: The Politics of Squatter Struggles
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Chapter 8Beyond Ungovernability: People’s Power and Negotiations
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Chapter 9Last Stand of White Power: Forced Removals and the Return to State Violence
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Chapter 10On Ending Urban Apartheid: Return to Langa
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Concluding Refections on 1985What it Takes to Resist an Authoritarian Regime
References
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
